[分詞]participle
CGEL(H)C3.S1.3 Participle as verb vs participial adjective (動詞と形容詞の見分け方)
CGEL(H)C5.S14.2 Attributive modifiers
CGEL(H)C3.S1.3 The past participle
CGEL(H)C3.S1.3 Participle as verb-form vs prtcipial adjective
CGEL(H)C3.S1.4 The gerund-particple
CGEL(H)C14.S9 Post-head modifier in NP structure
CGEL(H)C16.S10.1.3 Adjectival passives
CGEL(H)C19.S3.4 (b)verb to adjective
SIEG-C3.S1 The gerund-participle, The past participle
GIU(I).U94-95
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[現在分詞] :動詞に-ingをつけた形
CGEL(H)C3.S1.4 The gerund-particple
①名詞になる(動名詞)
②現在進行形(現在分詞) :be + Ving
③前からかかる形容詞的なはたらき(attributive)=VP
He threw it in the path of an [approaching] train.
the [gleaming] showroom
④後ろからかかる形容詞的なはたらき(head of clause)
PEU(3rd)498.10 reduced relative clauses: the girl dancing
Who's the girl dancing with your brother?
=the girl that is dancing with your brother
People [earning $50,000 a year] don't qualify for the rebate.
People [living near the site] will have to be evacuate.
The train [approaching Platform 3] is the 11.10 to Bath.
people [earning this amount]
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[過去分詞] :動詞に-edをつけた形
①完了形 :have + 過去分詞
②受け身 :be + 過去分詞
It was [broken] deliberately, out of spite. (past participle)
③前からかかる形容詞的なはたらき(attributive)
He showed me a [hurriedly written] first draft. (attributive)
the [defeated] army
her [recently published] article
④後ろからかかる形容詞的なはたらき(bare passive)
CGEL(H)C16.S10.11 Be-passives, get-passives, and bare-passives
CGEL(H)C14.S9 Post-head modifier in NP structure
PEU(3rd)498.10 reduced relative clauses: the girl dancing
→受け身の主語とbeが落ちたもの
★過去分詞という名前だが、過去の意味はない
★bare passiveの一種 (→受動態ファイル参照)
The guy [mauled by our neighbour's dog] is in intensive care.
I came across a letter [written ten years ago]. (clause)
I came across a letter [written by my great-grand father].
He quickly spent the money [given him by his uncle].
They sacked those [considered guilty of bias].
The book [witten by Haruki] was interesting.
the amount [earned by Kim]
※形容詞化した過去分詞でも同じ
members [dissatisfied with the board's decision]
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★前につく現在分詞,過去分詞,形容詞,名詞の修飾
CGEL(H)C5.S14.2 Attributive modifiers
CGEL(H)C6.S3.3(b) Attributive AdjPs
①pre-head dependentsを取るこはできる
three [steadily melting] marshmallows
her [recently published] article
the [barely forty] students present
many [very angry] farmers
those [Egyptian cotton] shirts
a [young children's] edition
②post-head dependentsを取ることはできない
×her [recently published in 'Nature'] article
×those [Egyptian cotton of the highest quality] shirts
例外
a [big enough] room
a [Ministry of Defence] official
his [hand as nails] attitude to the workers
a [ready-to-eat] TV meal
[better than expected] results
the [larger than expected] profit
the [more than twenty] complaints they received
※長くなったら後ろというのはウソ
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★形容詞化している現在分詞、過去分詞 [participial adjective]
CGEL(H)C19.S3.4 (b)verb to adjective
CGEL(H)C3.S1.3 Participle as verb-form vs prtcipial adjective
日本語の"驚くべき"も"驚く"という動詞から形容詞化している
→"驚く"という動詞にかかる副詞が使えない
△"だれもが驚くべき光景"
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amazing, amusing, boring, despressing, entertaining (×entertained), frightening, interesting, pleasing, tirng, satisfying, , surprising, disappointing, shocking, stunned, wearing, worrying
The show was entertaining. (participial adjective)
Her parents are entertaining. (ambiguous)
=Her parents have entertaining qualities.
=Her parents are entertaining some guests.(not comomon)
The show seemed entertaining.
The show was very entertaining.
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[past-participial adjective]
amazed, amused, bored, broken, depressed, disappointed, frightened, interested, married, pleased, satisfied, shocked, spoilt (spoiling), stunning, surprised, tired, worn, worried
It didn't look broken to me. (past-participial adjective)
It was broken. (ambiguous)
The window was broken.
①その窓は割れていた(be+形容詞) →状態
②その窓は、割られた(受動態) →行為・出来事
★形容詞と動詞(過去分詞)の見分け方
CGEL(H)C16.S10.1.3 Adjectival passives
They were married last week in London. (verb)
Hardly anyone knew that they were married - that they had been for over ten years. (adjective)
(a)very, tooがつく→形容詞
He was very frightend. (veryによる修飾)
He was too frightend to move. (tooによる修飾)
He was too embarassed by their behaviour to acknowledge that he was their son.
(b)beをseem, look, remainに置き換え可能→形容詞
[seem]
They seemed worried.
The picture seemed distorted.
[remain]
The new recruits remained assembled outside the officers' mess for over an hour.
They didn't live together but they remained married.
He remained too embarrassed by their behaviour to acknowledge that he was their son.
But the Hemulen remained standing behind his chair.
...Fillyjonk remained standing in the middle of the floor, lost in thought.
(c)接頭辞のun-がつくことができる→形容詞
The letter was still unanswered.
The cat was unnoticed by the guests for several minutes.
★意味解釈
動詞: dynamic interpretation
形容詞: static interpretation
They were injured when the platform they were standing on collapsed.
She is injured and will have to miss the next two matches.
★complementationによる区別
She was pleased at these results. (adjective)
She was pleased by these results. (ambiguous)
He is known to the police. (adjective)
The answer was known by everyone. (ambiguous)
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[分詞構文]
CGEL(H)C14.S9 Supplements
CGEL(H)C8.S6.3 Gerund-participial and past-participial clauses
[Driving alone the highway], we passed a long line of lorries.
[This done,] he walked off without another word.